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QPSK example
Modulation constellation rotation
01
11
00
10
Residual FM
Analog radio link:
QL≈30...1000
SSB (A3j w/o carrier) → f0<30MHz
FM (speech B=15kHz) → f0<1GHz
FM (picture B=30MHz) → f0<30GHz
Digital radio link:
QL≈1000...30000
Dense OFDM (N>1000) → f0<1GHz
Coarse OFDM (N<100) → f0<10GHz
Single-carrier QPSK → f0<100GHz